The Decipline of Teams Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Decipline of Teams - Case Study Example From that point he/she will be able to select the suitable members who possess the required skills or those who have related skills and are capable of improving them in order to accomplish the mandate of the team collectively. In essence, the journal is an insight into the idea of organizational teams as it explains what ought to be done to ensure teams perform as expected. Similarly, it acts as a benchmark for the best team practice that should be implemented in firms to ensure increased performance. Teams exist in nearly all companies, but the act of transforming the teams to tangible results or performance is what lacks in a majority of the organization. The Journal elaborates on the mistakes that are often committed in organizations that hinder the effectiveness of teams. From that notion, it offers solutions on the best practice as far as teams discipline is concerned to ensure a transformation in performance in those particular organizations. In a nutshell, the journal makes an in-depth analysis of how organizations can be able to build team performance through the implementation of a number of strategies that will revolutionize performance in the given firms (Woodcock and Francis, 2008).Describe in detail the main issues discussed in the journal articleThe Journal elaborates in detail the differences between a working group and a team in an organization. In essence, not all groups are teams but then some groups tend to have the characteristics of teams or rather operate in a manner that is similar.

Fossil Essay Example for Free

Fossil Essay Kosta had noted the recent success of Swatch fashion watches and was aware that watches and other goods could be imported from the Far East at very low cost. On a visit to Hong Kong, Tom studied a number of potential products for import including toys and stuffed animals before following Kosta’s advice and returned to the U. S. to develop a watch import business. Enlisting the aid of two friends, Lynne Stafford for her sense of design and Alan Moore who had a master’s degree in accounting, he invested his savings of $200,000 to found Fossil as a Texas corporation in 1984. Fossil’s initial purchase of watches from a Hong Kong manufacturer included some retro and jumbo designs that Macy’s thought were â€Å"hot,† and significant orders followed. A design staff was developed that included watch buyers from retail chains. Inspiration came from many sources. , however: the strongest was â€Å"retro† themes from the 1940’s and 50’s. Designers paged through magazines from this era, including Life, Look, and Time, and visited flea markets searching for old watches. Between 1987 and 1989 sales grew from $2 million to $20 million, assisted by liberal credit from the Hong Kong manufacturers of Fossil watches. One sector included conservatively styled time pieces including brands such as Citizen and Seiko. The second sector included products designed to reflect emerging fashion trends and included Swatch, Guess? , Anne Klein and Anne Klein II, and Fossil. This segment was fueled by fashion-conscious consumers who considered watches as fashion accessories and often owned multiple watches. Branded fashion watch sales were estimated to represent approximately $400 million in retail sales in 1990. Major Competitors Fossil’s major competitors were Swatch and Guess?. Although market share data were difficult to obtain, it was generally believed that Fossil and Guess? had nearly equal market shares and that Swatch had slipped to third in recent months. Numerous other considerably smaller competitors existed including Anne Klein, Anne Klein II, and Gucci. Swatch Although quartz watch technology had been developed in Switzerland, by the late 1970’s the Japanese companies’ Seiko, Citizen, and Casio and the United States’ firm Texas Instruments exploited production improvements and economies of scale to drive prices down. Strategic use of the manufacturing experience curve led to an oversupply of quartz watch movements and a severe price war. Many competitors were driven out of business with Casio, Hong Kong producers, and a few other firms surviving in mass market watches, and Seiko and Citizen in the moderately priced segment. The Swiss watch industry was under severe attack at the low and mid price points, and both unemployment and losses on bank loans were increasing. In 1978, the Swiss government agreed to provide up to one-third of the costs or a maximum of Sfr. 5 million for a venture of the leading watch manufacturers to develop a Swiss electronic watch program. Additional financing was supplied by banks, who wrote off existing loans and provided hundreds of millions of francs of new capital, and a group of investors who paid $100 million (Sfr 151 at the time) for a 51 percent share. The consulting firm of Hayek Engineering was hired to lead the effort to revive the lower-priced segment. This venture produced a number of new patents and developed both new watch and watch manufacturing technologies, along with the ability to design and manufacture watches efficiently at low cost. The resulting firm, Swiss Corporation for Microelectronics and Watchmaking (SMH) included the existing brands Omega, Longines, Tissot, and Rado in the moderate and fine watch segments. N. Hayek and E. Thomke led efforts in the low priced segments that resulted in the Swatch manufactured by SMH’s ETA division. Development of the Swatch began in 1980, resulting in a product launch in 1983. The manufacturing process was highly automated using robots and computers in the manufacturing and assembly processes. The watch had been designed with only 51 parts, instead of the usual 90 to 150 parts in other watches, had an ex-factory price of Sfr15. Parts were injected directly into the plastic case which was sealed by ultrasonic welding. This process was highly capital intensive, leading to direct labor costs of less than ten percent of total costs. The manufacturing process permitted a wide variety of dials, cases, and straps: however, variations in the shape and size of the watch case were quite difficult. One plant could produce up to 35,000 watches a day. Swatch was test marketed in the United States in December 1982 at 100 Sanger Harris department stores in Dallas, Salt Lake City, and San Diego without any advertising or public relations. Although consumer reactions were mixed, Swatch was officially launched in Switzerland in March 1983, followed by a gradual worldwide release. A second U. S. test market in December 1983 through the Zale jewelry chain and Macy’s was not successful. Swatch made extensive adjustments throughout their marketing program, and by 1985, U. S. sales accelerated. In 1986, a worldwide single price of $30 for most models was set and sales accumulated to over 50 million units worldwide by 1988. The 100 millionth Swatch was sold in 1993, when the price of a basic Swatch was $40. In 1992, SMH had combined sales for all brands of $2. 1 billion, producing $286 million in profits and a market equity value exceeding $3. 5 billion. Banks had encouraged Nicholas Hayek to assume a 20 percent equity ownership in the mid-80’s, a successful arrangement for both. Fifteen thousand employees worked in plants in Switzerland and Thailand producing semi-conductors, watches, movements, batteries, and straps. Guess? In 1983, Philip â€Å"Mickey† Callanen acquired the worldwide license to manufacture and market watches with the Guess? name. Investing $40,000 of his personal funds, he opened business in his garage, sourced watches from Hong Kong, and shipped for the 1983 Christmas season. Growth continued through the 1980’s at over 20 percent annually. In 1991, Callanen Company was acquired by Timex, expanding distribution to Japan, Australia, France, England, Germany and Canada and providing Callanen an additional source of watch technologies such as Indiglo dial illumination. In 1993 Callanen marketed both Guess? watches for men and women and Monet watches for women. Guess? represented 85 percent of the $80 million shipments (3 million watches) in 1992. The Guess? product line included 250 to 300 styles including classic, fashion, sporty, multi-function, chronograph, novelty, and metal bracelet watches. About 20 percent of the product line was revised seasonally four times a year. Guess? watches had a suggested retail price between $42 and $115, using department stores as the major retail outlet. Fifteen percent of Guess? sales were in international markets. Additional products included watch bands and private label watches for Disney, Hard Rock Cafe, Limited Express, Macy’s, and others. Virtually all Guess? watches were designed and manufactured at Guess? ’s partly owned manufacturing facility in Hong Kong. The 270 employees included a design staff of 19. Callanen’s business offices, warehouse, and watch repair facility were located in Norwalk, Connecticut, and they had a showroom in New York City. Manufacturing and Sourcing About two million, or eighty-five percent of fine watches sold worldwide, were manufactured in Switzerland in 1988, making Switzerland the largest value producer with sales of $4. 9 billion (96 million watches) in 1990. Most other watches were manufactured in the Far East, with the major exception of Swatch, which was manufactured in a highly automated factory in Switzerland. The development of the Swatch and its robotic factory was credited with saving the Swiss watch industry. Japan was the world’s largest producer in terms of units, with 325 million units, representing 44 percent of the world’s production in 1990. Hong Kong, relying on assembly by hand, produced 175 million watches in 1990, and was expected to produce 340 million, or one-third of the world’s watches in 1993 (Table 6). Due to Hong Kong’s focus on low-priced watches, this represented only nine percent of the total value of watches produced. Fossil chose to assemble watches in Hong Kong, using components from Japan, China, Taiwan, Italy, and Korea. FOSSIL IN 1993 Business Strategy Fossil’s initial public offering prospectus defined their business strategy as: â€Å"Brand Development. The Company has established the FOSSIL brand name and image to reflect a theme of fun, fashion, and humor, and believes that the FOSSIL brand name has achieved growing acceptance among fashion-conscious consumers in its target markets. Product Value. The Company’s products provide value by offering quality components and features at moderate prices. For example, the Company’s FOSSIL watches, which offer features such as raised indexes, enamel, textured, shell or semi-precious stone dials, gold electroplating, and fine leather straps, are sold at an average retail price of $63. Likewise, the Company’s RELIC watches, which incorporate a number of features offered in FOSSIL watches, are sold at an average retail price of $42. Fashion Orientation. The Company ifferentiates its products from those of its competitors principally through innovations in fashion details, including variations in the treatment of watch dials, crystals, cases, and straps for the Company’s watches and trimming, lining, and straps for its handbags. Expansion of International Business. The Company is seeking to achieve further growth in its international business through the establishment of a joint venture to operate a European distribution center, the establishment of a branch office in Canada, and the recruitment of new distributors in selected international markets. Introduction of New Product Categories. The Company may leverage its design and marketing expertise to expand the scope of its product offerings through the introduction of new categories of fashion accessories that would complement its existing products. Active Management of Retail Sales. The Company manages the retail sales process by carefully monitoring its customers’ sales and inventories by product category and style and by assisting in the conception, development, and implementation of their marketing program. As a result, the Company believes it enjoys close relationships with its principal customers, often allowing it to influence the mix, quality, and timing of their purchasing decisions. Close Relationships with Manufacturing Sources. The Company has established and maintains close relationships with a number of watch manufacturers located in Hong Kong. The Company believes that these relationships allow it to quickly and efficiently introduce innovative product designs and alter production in response to the retail performance of its products. Coordinated Product Promotion. The Company coordinates product design, packaging, and advertising functions in order to communicate in a cohesive manner to its target markets the themes and images it associates with its products. Personnel Development. The Company actively seeks to recruit and train its design, advertising, sales, and marketing personnel to assist it in achieving further growth in its existing businesses and in expanding the scope of its product offerings. Cost Advantages. Because the Company does not pay royalties on products sold under the FOSSIL and RELIC brand names and because of cost savings associated with the location of its headquarters and warehousing and distribution center in Dallas, Texas, the Company believes that it enjoys certain cost advantages which enhance its ability to achieve attractive profit margins. Centralized Distribution. Substantially all of the Company’s products are distributed from its warehousing and distribution center located in Dallas. The Company believes that its distribution capabilities enable it to reduce inventory risk and increase its flexibility in meeting the delivery requirement of its customers. (Fossil, 1993, 23-24) Manufacturing Fossil East, a 35 employee subsidiary of Fossil (owning 20 percent interest), acted as Fossil’s exclusive agent, buying all of Fossil’s watches from approximately 20 factories located in Hong Kong. In 1992, about 21 percent of these watches were purchased from Pulse Time, a Hong Kong corporation in which Fossil held a minority interest. Three other factories each accounted for more than 10 percent of Fossil’s watches. The company felt that developing long-term relations with suppliers was essential to its success. While the loss of any single manufacturer could disrupt shipments of certain watch styles, it would not impact their overall marketing program. Leather goods were manufactured in 12 factories located in Brazil, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, and Uruguay. Fossil believed â€Å"that its policy of outsourcing products allows it to achieve increased production flexibility while avoiding significant capital expenditures, build-ups of work-in-process inventory, and the costs of managing a substantial production work force† (Fossil, 1993, 27). Products Fossil’s flagship products were the Fossil watches introduced as a brand in 1986. Handbags were introduced in 1991 as the first entry into the leather goods market. Watch Products Watches represented 98. 1, 96. 4, and 92. 5 percent of sales in the years 1990, 1991, and 1992 respectively. Following the Fossil brand, Fossil introduced the Relic brand, Fossil watch straps, and private label products. FOSSIL Watches: Fossil states its â€Å"watches are targeted at middle and upper income consumers between the ages of 16 and 40 and are sold at retail prices generally ranging from $45 to $110, with an average price of $63† (Fossil, 1993, 25). RELIC Watches: The Relic brand shared many of the features found in Fossil watches but in a format suitable for lower priced fashion watches. Relic watches â€Å"are targeted at lower and middle income consumers and are sold at retail prices generally ranging from $40 to $50, with an average price of $42. † Fossil Watch Straps: Watch straps were targeted at customers who bought Fossil watches; however, they could be used with a wide variety of watches. They were priced from $13 to $15. Private Label Products: Fossil provided private label watches for retailers and other customers. Leather Goods Following the introduction of Fossil handbags in 1991, small leather goods such as coin purses, key chains, personal organizers, wallets, and belts for women were introduced in 1992, accounting for about five percent of sales in 1992. The handbags emphasized classic styles and creative designs, including a tan and black binocular bag, a green and tan drawstring sac, and a natural color military ammunition pouch retailing from $48 to $130, with an average price of $87. Fossil felt that since women’s leather goods tended to be located near women’s watches in department and specialty stores, purchase of one Fossil product might lead to another. They also felt that they were price competitive. Design and Development The design staff sought to â€Å"differentiate its products from those of its competition principally by incorporating innovations in fashion details into its product designs. † These included variations in the treatment of dials, crystals, cases, and straps for the company’s watches and trimming, lining, and straps for handbags (Fossil 1993, 26). Fossil’s watch lines included Airmaster, Casual, Chronograph, Dress, Limited Edition, Pyramid, Crystal, Skeleton, and Vintage watches. About 500 different styles were available at any given time, with new designs offered five times a year. Over 1,000 models were available in 1992. Design prototypes of watches were created in Hong Kong in as little as a week, and lead-time from committing orders to shipment ranged from two to three months. Fossil believed that its close relationships with manufacturers gave it a competitive advantage in quickly introducing innovative product designs. Promotion Fossil made use of an in-house advertising department for design and execution of packaging, advertising, and sales promotions. Company executives felt that extensive use of computer-aided design reduced time and encouraged greater creativity in developing these programs. The company’s stated advertising themes â€Å"aim at evoking nostalgia for the simpler values and more optimistic outlook of the 1950’s through the use of images of cars, trains, airliners, and consumer products that reflect the classic American tastes of the period. These images are carefully coordinated in order to convey the flair for fun, fashion, and humor which the Company associates with its products† (Fossil, 1993, 28). A sundial watch sold over 250,000 pieces at a retail price of $16. Fossil developed cooperative advertising programs with major retail customers and developed in-store visual support through its packaging, signs, and fixtures. Consumers were offered promotional items, including unique tin boxes as watch packaging, T-shirts, caps, and pens. In ten locations, Fossil opened a â€Å"shop-in-shop† format including a wide variety of Fossil products and promotional materials. With greater emphasis on product design, retailer relations, and promotion, Fossil conducted advertising limited to spot television in local markets since 1989, national spots since 1991, outdoor advertising in four markets, and occasional ads in Elle, Mademoiselle, Vogue, and Seventeen. Distribution and Sales Force The majority of Fossil’s products were shipped to its warehouse and distribution center in Dallas. A significant number were bar coded prior to shipment for entry into a computerized inventory control system, which enabled Fossil to track each item from receipt to its ultimate sale. Products were distributed to approximately 12,000 retail locations in the United States including department stores and specialty retail stores. In 1991 and 1992, department stores accounted for about 67 percent of net sales. (Table 8 provides data on watch distribution by price and retail channel. ) Fossil’s ten largest customers accounted for 40 percent of sales. The largest customers were Dillard’s and the May Company, each accounting for from ten to thirteen percent of sales. Other principal customers included Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Dayton Hudson, Federated Department Stores, JCPenney, Macy’s, Nordstrom, and Service Merchandise. Although the industry typically used independent sales representatives, Fossil made use of 25 in-house sales and customer service employees and 12 independent sales representatives. In-house personnel received a salary while independent sales reps worked on a commission basis and did not represent competing product lines. International sales in 1990, 1991, and 1992 were 5. 6, 7. 2, and 8. 1 percent of net sales, respectively. Sixteen independent distributors operated in Europe, South and Central America, Africa, and Australia. These distributors resold watches to department stores and specialty retail stores. Fossil received payment in U. S. dollars based on a uniform price schedule. Financial Strategy Fossil had started out as a â€Å"bootstrap† financed firm. Personal income and savings from Tom Kartsotis’ ticket-brokering business had provided the initial capital for the operation, and the company had further financed operations by the creative use of trade credit and bank loans. With sales growing rapidly, Fossil’s expansion needs exceeded what it could raise internally. To sustain sales growth, Fossil needed a substantial increase in working capital. Fossil’s ability to continue to fund itself with debt capital, given their exposure to volatility in the fashion product market, was questionable. An initial public stock offering (IPO) which would provide access to capital needed to expand Fossil’s working capital base and fund additional sales growth, was managed by Montgomery Securities of San Francisco. While not uncommon, IPO’s of less than $20 MM involved transaction costs that many viewed as being too high to justify the offering. A critical decision that needed to be made was what proportion of the ownership should be issued.

The Partition Of India And Pakistan

The Partition Of India And Pakistan August 15th was marked as the date for the formation of the two independent countries India and Pakistan. The ceremony which took place for the transfer of power was held in Karachi which was made the capital of the newly formed nation (Pakistan) and the reason behind holding the ceremony was so that the viceroy at that time of the partition of India was Lord Mountbatten who could then easily attend the ceremonies of both the nations. Thus this lead to the formation of two separate entities and thus lead to Pakistan celebrating its independence day on the 14th of august followed by India celebrating it on the 15th. In the year 1906 the All India Muslim league was formed in the district of Dhaka and this league was formed by a group of Muslims. Who thought that they were not given equal rights and power in the nation as much as the Hindu majority which was the Indian national congress. The Muslims believed that they were not given the rights in the nation, thus wanted to make certain changes among the Muslim league the first person to have brought up the topic was Allama iqbal who in his presidential address said that they required a formation of a new nation separately for the Muslims and the reason behind this demand was the same thing about the Muslims feeling that they were not given the equal rights which they deserved and thus wanted the partition to happen as they felt that they will not be granted their rights in a Hindu dominated country. The Muslim league then by 1935 when their demand was approved thought that they needed a well reputed Muslim who would lead their this mission and tur n it into success thus they thought of making Mohammad Ali Jinnah the leader of their mission who once was the guy who was involved in the peace treaty between the two nations (India and Pakistan) thus they urged him to head the Muslim project and thus he stared to lead the mission from the front. Mohammad Ali Jinnah started to argue with many of the important parties including the congress party of which once before he was a part of and he argued for the less of interest shown towards the demands of the Muslim party and fought for them being a minority and raised the issue of the partition. By the year 1940 Mohammad Ali Jinnah who was the leader of the Muslim party had put forward his statement at the Lahore conference asking for a complete different nation and for the partition of India , the letter that Jinnah had written was quite vague and not that clear about the demand for a different territory and thus it was not given that much of importance in the start. Later on after like seven years the idea of Jinnah regarding about the partition was given importance and thought about by the Muslim parties and specially by the Hindu parties( like the Hindu Mahasabha). Thinking about the partition all the Muslim parties also thought that there was no point in the partition of India due to many reasons and some Muslim parties like the Khaksar Tehrik of Allama Mashriqi were completely against and opposed this idea of the partition. Even the Hindu parties were against the partition and thought that it was much better if the there would be peace settled amongst the Hindu and Mus lims. During the 1937 during a meeting of the Hindu Mahasabha there was this one speaker who was Mr veer Savarkar who stated that India can be cannot be considered as an homogenous or an identical nation but on the contrary there are two main nations within it which consist of the Hindu and Muslims. There were these secularists who were a part of the congress in India and thus were totally against the partition of the nation on the lines of religion. Great leaders at that time like Mohandas Gandhi and Allama Mishriqi stated that they did not want the partition to happen and that the both parties the Hindu and the Muslims should just live in peace and not disrupt the nations harmony. There was another statement of Mohandas Gandhi who stated that My whole soul rebels against the idea that Hinduism and Islam represent two antagonistic cultures and doctrines. To assent to such a doctrine is for me a denial of God. Following Ghandis footsteps his followers and he himself tried to retain the Muslims in the congress party form leaving but by the year 1930 many of the Muslim activist left the congress which in a way acted like a catalyst and angered the Hindu nationalist and the Indian Muslim nationalist. Soon after the partition Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated by the one of the Hindu activist whose name is Nathuram Godse and he shot Gandhi for his reason that he thought that during the partition of India Gandhi was just trying to comfort the Muslims interest on the cost of all the Hindus. The political leaders from both the sides also initiated allot of controversies that lead to allot of destruction and violence like the riots which took place in Calcutta in august in the year of 1946 and thus as the civil war broke down it destructed many of the territories within the nation like majorly the Bengal issue which later lead into the partition that took place within it, this was done in a way to avoid the war which was breaking out within the two parties. By the year of 1946 the demand of the definition of Pakistan as a separate nation was so flexible that the it could have been assumed that it already was a separate nation. Some of the historians believed that Jinnah who was the leader of the Muslim party who had initiated the partition of India, used this partition as an excuse or a key to attain more independence for the Muslim dominated areas which lied in the western region which were in the Hindu dominated regions. Some other great thinkers laid their thoughts forward stating that the true vision behind Jinnahs idea of the partition was to create a separate nation Pakistan which would enter into the Hindu majority regions. Some of the demands that Jinnah also had was relating to the annexation of different regions to Pakistan were of the west Bengal, the east Punjab, part of Hyderabad and the region of junagadh to be a part of Pakistan. Jinnah also was very much interested in the annexation of the state of Kashmir and mainly because it is a Muslim dominated state with a Hindu ruler. The Indian political parties were: All India Muslim League, Communist Party of India, Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Hindu Mahasabha, Indian National Congress, Khaksar Tehrik, and Unionist Muslim League (mainly in the Punjab). The partition 1947 The division of the two countries was done according to the plan which was known as the Mountbatten plan and the partition done in the supervision of the British and also the line which was drawn between the two countries was name the Radcliffe line after a London lawyer. On 18 July 1947, the British passed the Indian independence act that finalized the partition arrangement. The government of India act 1935 was adapted to provide a legal framework for the two new dominions. Following partition, Pakistan applied for membership of the united nation, which was accepted by the General Assembly on 30 September 1947. The union formed from the combination of the Hindu states assumed the name India which automatically granted it the seat of British India (a UN member since 1945) as successor state. The states affected majorly due to the partition: Punjab Bengal Sindh Kashmir Lakshadweep Punjab: The year of 1947 marked the development of the state of Punjab, which eventually got disrupted due to the partition of India. The state of Punjab originally when it was united was anyways divided into two regions as the western part of Punjab was a majority of the Muslim community and then the eastern part of Punjab consisted of the majority of the Sikhs and Hindus but due to the partition of India, the state was left to face the riots by both the communities and thus the creation of two parts of Punjab. The western part which had a majority of Muslims was divided and given to Pakistan and the eastern part was retained by India and kept within its territory. Even when the partition was done within the state of Punjab there were a significant number of Hindus and Sikhs who lived in the majority of Muslims within the western part and same goes with those Muslims who lived in the eastern part dominated by the Hindu category, this partition of the state thus brought many of the Muslim an d Hindus who were caught up in the opposite parts to create riots and disrupt the harmony within the state of Punjab . Bengal: Like the division we saw in the state of Punjab the state of Bengal had a very similar outcome which resulted the state to be divided further into two district parts, the east Bengal and the west Bengal. The west Bengal was retained by India and kept in its territory and the east Bengal was taken away by Pakistan and was name as the east Pakistan. The East Pakistan was later landed up becoming an independent nation which was called Bangladesh and this was done during the Bangladesh liberation war which was fought. While Muslim majority districts of Murshidabadh was given to India, Hindu majority district Khulna the Buddhist majority Chittagong division was given to Pakistan by the award. Sindh: The situation that occurred in this state was that the sindhis were told to reside in India itself as it was seen that the sindhis community did not have any such kind of a conflict when it came to Hindu and Muslim, this decision of the sindh community residing in India made many of them in Pakistan or the ones who were thinking of goin to Pakistan think that there was much of a risk involved by going to Pakistan due to the uncertain future of the newly developed country and thus since their community did not have any problem as such in India they all decided to stay back in India, this further lead to an increase in the number of the Pakistani refugees who wanted to come and reside in India. Kashmir: The conflict within this state was that the state was as usual divided into a hindu majority and muslim majority, with the hindu having a majority in Jammu and the muslims having their majority in Kashmir. This division of the the two communities broke of into riots and thus lead to the ruler of the state to accede to India due to the immense violence. This issue did not just have the violence in form of riots but also lead to the 1947 war of the two countries India and Pakistan. Lakshadweep: These are a bunch of islands toward the south of India and they main guy who is to give credit to make these islands a part of India and give the integration with the republic of India is Mr Sardar Patel, who after the partition realised and laid emphasis on the islands and thought that the inhabitants of the islands did not know anything about the partition until after the August 15th. Sardar Patel thought that the islands that are there towards the south are far from Pakistan but yet they would try to claim the land and make it theirs by giving the Muslim majority as a reason. Thus Sardar Patel sent a navy ship to the islands of Lakshadweep to hoist a Indian flag there and make the territory in Indias favour. Once the mission was successful there were Pakistani vessels which were tracked near the islands which did obviously went back to Karachi as they had seen the Indian flag mounted on the islands.

More than a spoonful of sugar Essay -- Health, Natural Remedies

As a kid I don’t remember thinking about my health a lot, probably because kids count on their parents to keep them healthy. They count on their parents to feed them the right things and do all obvious things that would help them stay healthy. But in reality both kids and adults have the ability to naturally help their health wether its intentional or not. Although medicine is helpful, many natural remedies can also benefit your health such as laughter, the sense of touch, exercise and having a pet. In many ways people find laughter as just a response to something funny or just as a happy emotion. But it really does so much more for your body, health and personal well-being. The benefits of laughter exceed the emotion. â€Å"Laughter along with an active since of humor, may protect you against a heart attack according to a recent study by cardiologists at the University or Maryland†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Murry1) A study done by the University of Maryland medical center consisted of 300 people, half of them had suffered from some type of heart disease or issue and the other half had not. Each filled out a questionnaire mainly about how much the individual laughed in good, bad and normal situations. They found that the people with or without heart disease are 40% more likely not to have a heart attack if they laughed more in life and situations. (Murry1-2) Laughter has physical, mental and social benefits to your health. Some of the Physical benefits to laughter include; relieving stres s, boosting your immune system by increasing your immune cells, decreasing pain, increasing blood flow, enhances oxygen intake and it relaxes your muscles up to 45 min..(Smith1) (Puckett1) The mental and social benefits are obvious. Laughter adds zest to your life and impr... ...en those without pets. They also took less medication for high blood pressure and sleeping. (Becker 63-64) Many Physiatrists with patients that have anxiety when leaving the house or with depression prescribe a dog to help them live life again and leave the house. (Becker 63) It is amazing to realize how much pet can change a person’s life and make it so much better. And In the book â€Å"The Healing power of pets† most of the book is stories of a human and dog bond so strong that these dogs have saved these people’s lives numerous times. So although medicine is very helpful there are so many simple natural things that can keep you healthy too such as laughter, the sense of touch, exercise and having a pet. These things are amazing natural things given to us by God that benefit our health in easy extraordinary ways, so why not take advantage of these simple things?

Narrator of Moby Dick Essay

1.In this video, we immediately learn of an obsessed captain who wants revenge. Why does he want revenge and against whom or what? The captain wants revenge because he lost his leg to Moby Dick. 2.Who is the narrator of Moby Dick and what is the first line of the novel? The first line of the novel is â€Å"Call me Ishmael† and the narrator is Ishmael. 3.There are two significant Biblical allusions mentioned in the film. To whom do these allusions reference? How are the names significant? The two significant Biblical allusions are Captain Ahab which is the King Ahab in the Bible and the whale, which is a symbol of God or the Devil. 4.The narrator states that Moby Dick symbolizes three different meanings for three different characters. List the characters and the meaning which Moby Dick symbolizes for each of them. Captain Ahab sees Moby Dick as the devil. Starbuck sees Moby Dick as just a fish and Ishmael accepts both of them. 5.Why did Melville choose to write about whaling? Why was the industry significant? At that time whale oil was very popular and it made the whale industry a hit, therefore; Melville wrote about whales. 6.What did Melville do when he was 21? He set sail towards the South Pacific, but after four years he returned and wrote about his visit with everyone on the island 7.What established writer did Melville befriend while he was writing Moby Dick? While he wrote Moby Dick he befriended Nathaniel Hawthorne. 8.Comment on the four harpooners of the Pequod; politically, why were they significant? The four harpooners were of different races and represented different cultures. 9.What happens to the Pequod towards the end of the book? Ahab? Ishmael? They were out at sea, and noticed that deep in the ocean a whale was giving birth, but that all of it was terrorized because of other whalers that set in. Ahab is killed and Ishmael is the only survivor of Pequod. 10.What were the final years of Melville like? Melville’s final years were filled with personal tragedies and failure. 1.Ahab, do you think if you killed Moby Dick, your life would be better? 2.Ahab, do you want revenge because of the loss of your leg or because he took something more than your leg, like your pride? 3.Ahab, what would you have done if the whale didn’t bite your leg? 4.Ahab, why don’t you every mention your wife or son? Is a whale more important than them? 5.Ahab, how do feel about yourself knowing that you let people die for your obsession with Moby Dick?

Study of the Namibian Border war and the Angolan bush war (1966 - 1989) The WritePass Journal

Study of the Namibian Border war and the Angolan bush war (1966 - 1989) Introduction Study of the Namibian Border war and the Angolan bush war (1966 1989) IntroductionConclusionRelated Introduction The South African Border war, which is sometimes also referred to as the Namibian Border War and Angolan Bush War, lasted between the years 1966 to 1989.   (Source F)   During this period the government of South Africa sent hundreds of thousands of men to go and fight in the war at the Namibian and Angolan borders. (Source B- pg. vii)   What was the government’s motive for this?   It was truly an attempt by the government to keep Communism and certain parties out of the country and also to keep control of the States she owned. (Source G)   But what negative psychological effects did this military service have on the men and their families and how permanent were they?   The soldiers were badly mentally affected and some of their memories still haunt them today. (Source C) The effects were negative and permanent. The South African Border War was really part of the Namibian War of Independence and ultimately a result of the Cold War which started in Europe in the 1940’s all the way to the late 1990’s. (Source F)   It took place in Southern Africa, involving South Africa, Namibia and Angola. (Source F)   Angola, Cuba, SWAPO, Zambia, other independent countries and Umkhonto we Sizwe were against South Africa and UNITA. (Source F)   Russia supported the Communist States and America supported South Africa because they were against Communism. (Source F)   This relates to America’s policy of containment.   The ANC were in exile in Angola and South Africa wanted to keep them out of the country because they were thought to be Communist. (Source F)   When the war ended, South Africa and Cuba withdrew from Angola, and Namibia got independence.   However, a Civil War in Angola continued all the way until 2002. (Source F) This shows the origin of the conflict in Southern Africa and why the SA government did conscription. The Cold War began in Europe and was a fight between Communism and Capitalism, initially starting with Russia and America, but then spread to the rest of the world and it was thought by the anti Communist states that they needed to contain Communism before it spread further.   This was called America’s policy of containment. (Source G)   This is why South Africans were told that they were to fight against Communism. (Source D) This is why the SA government did conscription. The Angolan war began when the super powers of the world, although they were not directly interested in it, used the battleground for Cold War rivalry. (Source G)   â€Å"Other countries became independent in the 1950’s and 1960’s and so the Portuguese wanted to keep control over Angola.   This resulted in wars between the Portuguese and Angolan liberation groups. (Source G)   In 1974 army officers in Portugal overthrew the governing Portuguese dictator in order to end the futile wars and bring independence. (Source G)   In Angola there were 3 main rival liberation groups, namely MPLA, FNLA and UNITA. (Source G)   Before elections, outside powers got involved. (Source G)   America provided arms to FNLA and UNITA, against MPLA.   America wanted to join South Africa in the war in order to regain their status after their defeat in Vietnam.† (Source G)   South Africa invaded Angola in 1975 for its oils and minerals. (Source G)   SA was against MPLA and it was thought that they would be able to take over Namibia, which was a South African state. (Source G)   â€Å"South Africa wanted to capture Luanda after occupying large areas of Angola.† (Source G)   The economy of Angola suffered badly and the war only ended finally in 2002. (Source G) This shows the origin of the conflict in Southern Africa and why the SA government did conscription. In order to keep things under control, the South African government needed to send some soldiers to the Namibian and Angolan borders to prevent Communism, the ANC and SWAPO from entering the country. (Source D)   The South African government and the SADF were against guerrilla warfare used by SWAPO. (Source D)   The government kept them out by means of conscription. (Source B- pg. vii) This shows why and how the South African government dealt with the enemy. All white males aged 17, 18 and 19 had to go and do military service after they finished school. (Source A)   It was compulsory and was expected of the boys as they grew up with the war. (Source A)   You needed to go and do military service for 2 years after which you could go and begin your studies at university. (Source A)   The only way you could get out of doing your military service was if you failed to pass a medical examination, had permission to continue university education before your service or by conscientious objection, in which case you would be thrown into jail. (Source A3)   Each boy had to fill out forms at school (Source A1) and their families were sent a telegraph (Source A2) or a formal military letter. (Source A3)   They knew that they needed to go and do military service as it was expected of them and some of their relatives had previously gone too.   It was something they grew up with, if they were entered at a later stage in the war. (Source A1)   After 2 years of military service, you could leave. (Source A)   The boys needed to purchase a few items, e.g. an iron, and then the parents would take them to a place where they were told to gather and when they were told to gather by the telegraph. (Source A2)   The parents then had to leave and the boys were taken to their specific sector to do their basic training.  Ã‚   Two examples are Ian and Gavin McAlpine who were conscripted at age 18 and 19.   Ian needed to get on a truck to go to Pretoria and Gavin got on a train to go to Kimberley. (Source A)   This confirms that there were splits between families.   Jeremy, aged 18 at the time, says â€Å"It was the worst day of my life†. This shows how the government of SA conscripted soldiers into the war. It was a sad time and the soldiers felt scared and didn’t know what to do next and what was going to happen next. (Source A)   When they got to their sectors for basic training they were only told of the fact that they needed to fight Communism and were sometimes shown powerful images as a form of propaganda. (Sources A B- pg.63)   Chris, who was aged 17 at the time, says â€Å"The horror was nauseating.† (Source B- pg. 63)   The rest of the world was also not told of the true reason behind the war and were only told that it was a fight against Communism. (Source A) There was also control of the media so that the public would not be allowed to be well informed. (Source A2) This meant that they did not know that what they were getting involved in might have been bad. They could not object because they were convinced by the propaganda that they were doing right by fighting the enemy. This shows how the government prevented knowledge of why they did conscription. â€Å"The army was not easy† – Ian (Source A1) and the process of basic training and physical activity was difficult and humiliating at times.   It often involved bringing them down in order to build them up as a team. (Source A1)   â€Å"Seeing boys cry because they could not take it anymore was not fun† – Ian (Source A1) and the war broke soldiers.   However, â€Å"it was necessary to just put on a brave face and become tougher or else you would not survive.†- Ian. (Source A1) This shows how the soldiers were personally affected at the time they were in the army, which was negatively. A boy would be sent to a specific sector that the army thought they would be good in or they would be sent to a specific sector if they had any previous qualifications. (Source A)   The men could have communication with their families when they were granted leave and could go home, ‘phoned when it was necessary, saw their parents on open days for them to visit and the parents corresponded regularly and sent postcards over to their children. (Source A3)   However, this was not done through the army itself. (Source A3)   The army did not offer any psychological assessments or treatment to the soldiers –duits. (Source C)   Soldiers felt angry and disappointed that they were placed in situations against their will and sad about what happened to their fellow soldiers. (Source A2)   Afrikaans generals looked over the men and did regular inspections. (Source B- pgs. 50, 21 22)   Soldiers learnt that they need to iron perfectly and have perfectly made beds, and they sometimes didn’t even sleep in them. (Source B- pgs. 21 22)   Some of the soldiers weren’t even interested in the politics and basic training brings back bad memories for the soldiers.   They were treated badly, but the experiences were worse for the men who did the fighting and saw the death of friends and the enemy. (Source A2) This shows the negative and permanent effects on the soldiers. However, skills that the soldier previously had helped them to an extent e.g. Scouting. (Source A1 B- pg. 46) Although Scouting was very different to the war, it helped the boys who were Scouts and gave them an advantage as they would be more independent, strong and have bush craft knowledge already. Soldiers had to do mortar training and Ian experienced a friend being blown up during this training. (Source A1)   The soldiers did patrols of villages. (Source B- pg. 218) These patrols were violent and gruesome and negatively affected the soldiers. The confrontation in the battlefield was terrible. The amount of casualties was large.   â€Å"All told my armour squadron lost 12 guys with a further 20 casevacs.† -Jaycee. (Source C)   â€Å"The horror and fright one experiences in contacts and large ops is all too real.† – Scottman (Source C) Soldiers felt horrible about doing things â€Å"It was instrumental in making me think: this is not for me.† – Anonymous. (Source B pg. 218) However, the war experiences were worse for the soldiers who battled than the others. (Sources A B) This shows how the soldiers were affected by the war and the events they experienced. When their sons were conscripted it was a sad time for the parents but it was necessary for them to put on a brave face. (Source A3)   Parents were heartbroken and scared for their children. (Source A3) Although parents dealt with it in different ways because one is surrounded by so many different opinions at the time and they had to think positively. (Source A3) Parents always worried because there was always a risk for their children. (Sources A3 4)   It was difficult for a parent if both their sons had to leave at the same time. (Source A4)   Parents felt apprehensive. (Source A4)   The government was really supporting white privilege on top of protecting the country from Communism. (Source A4) This shows how the parents were affected by the war. There are some soldiers and parents who do not think negatively about the war now.  Ã‚   The parents have relief that their children came back unscathed, if they did. (Source A3) Some soldiers do not have memories which haunt them (Source A2) and they say that the war made men out of them. (Source A1)   Some parents believe that it gave their sons responsibility and disciplined attitudes, which they still use today. (Sources A3 C)  Ã‚   Memories are not vivid today for some soldiers and their families. (Source A4) This means that people are beginning to lose the gruesome and painful details of the war and so are getting over things. This shows that some people may not be permanently and negatively affected still today. But some soldiers and their families are still haunted by the memories of their experiences. (Source C) â€Å"They only ‘struck contact’ once in this entire time, but that was enough to wean him off war forever.† –eJay. (Source C) It had lasting effects on the men.   â€Å".some of the experiences I went through, and witnessed, during the Mau Mau war do sometimes come back to give me nightmares!† –Neso. (Source C) Although this was in Kenya, some South African men could still feel this way too. â€Å"Although I did not recognise it at the time, it really had a profound effect on me.† – Jaycee. (Source C) The long term effects could be physical injuries, emotional wrecks, people who committed suicide, having violent nightmares and marriages did not last. (Source C)   They were bitter days.   (Source C)   After the war a medal was awarded to anyone who had spent 55 days doing continuous service on the Border. (Source B)      This shows the negative, permanent effects of the war on some soldiers. People have different takes on war nowadays.   Some believe that war doesn’t solve anything (Source A1) and that we should negotiate instead of resorting to violence.   (Source A3)   â€Å"Old men start wars, young men fight and die in them.†Ã‚   –Ian. (Source A1) Whereas some people are not against war, provided it is used to protect a country. (Source A2)   There was a struggle for liberation and war in Northern Namibia and Angola and it deeply affected the South African people, their children and society.   (Source E)   At the present day, however, â€Å"South Africans are rediscovering and re evaluating a turbulent past and its permutations†.   â€Å"They are reliving sensitive, angular optics†.   Yvonne Mokgoro, Constitutional Court of South Africa.   (Source E)  Ã‚  Ã‚   This shows the different opinions on war from the perspective of soldiers and their families. It also shows that some soldiers and their families are not s till negatively and permanently affected today, and some are. Conclusion It has been shown how and why the South African government conscripted soldiers into the South African Border War. It has also been shown that the time in which the soldiers served the military was a terrible time that has negative and positive aspects to it and it will still affect some soldiers today, and some not.   Most in a negative and permanent way, but some do not have vivid memories.   It has also been shown that the South African government did not consider the young soldiers in their fight against Communism.

Michelangeli essays

Michelangeli essays Michelangeli began playing Mozart Concertos as early as 1947. His favorite concertos are No. 13, 15, 20, 23, and 25. One would be to assuming a 'classical' over 'romantic' in that the former ethos-oriented organization runs against the passion and freedom. But clearly what differs in this case the classical-pathos-ethos from romantic-pathos is the discipline Michelangeli is known to have brought to Mozart. Effects would vary but a central forci is of absence and aloofness associated with that ethos-oriented mode of expression. For instance the Concerts with Giulini in the 1950s is dry as lacking in all visible manifestation of emotions. An attempt disparate as two opposing elements are and desperate as trying to dismiss all possible emotional connections. What is so marvelous is the outcome ascending into ether never to be seen by human eyes. Michelangeli does this as if a performer completely out in the field, from time to time drop in for something here and there. If he is studious and is a student of sport in his studio recording with EMI (EMI References CDH 7 63819 2), Michelangeli here is someone extricating from every conceivable difficulties facing any technician. One could say it is the farthest distance ever run by any Olympian, without sacrificing sanity and integrity. Here ethos greets pathos without scolding at each other, in harmony. Yet the most eerie and unerring phenomenon would occur in June 21, 1956, in Lugano. Michelangeli gives concert on Mozart Concerto No. 15. The Concerto No. 15 here is played with so much speed and augur it flats out the impending phenomenon, withholding it from breaking into the present circumstances. With which speed and surgical accuracy calls only to inspire dread and justify supra-self? Whether he really cares or not, even this would be a harass and would have impact on his 15 with Ettore Cracis conducting, a studio recording, released by EMI (CDM 7692412), in ways it tilts firmest ground h...

Complete Guide on Crafting a Nursing Research Paper that Rocks

Complete Guide on Crafting a Nursing Research Paper that Rocks The General Notion of Nursing Research Paper Writing Nursing is a complicated and broad object for the investigation that a significant number of students have to deal with to expand their knowledge. The central aim of the Nursing research paper is to explore a relevant nursing issue and find possible solutions. For example, the particular fields of nursing that can be covered in your research paper include psychiatric nursing, healthcare management, healthcare, evidence-based medicine, clinic hygiene, home-based healthcare, healthcare practices, and ethics. Hence, nursing is a branch of medicine that is about easing the patients pain and dealing with patients psyche. While writing the research paper, you will be able to enhance your ability to assess the patient and critically analyze, develop, and communicate the plan of care. To make your paper more specific, you may investigate the chosen topic through the prism of different fields, such as pathology, anatomy, population health, pharmacology, and physiology. As you can see, the Nursing research paper requires you to conduct in-depth research and apply your analytical and critical thinking at the same time. Meet the Basic Types of Research Paper Before selecting the topic for your paper, you have to choose the type of the paper itself since the particular type has special requirements for the topic. Your professor may ask you to write a specific type of research paper. If yes, the following description of each will help you to understand what you should cover in your research paper. In general, there are two major types of research papers – analytical and argumentative. The first type requires you to explore and evaluate a certain issue. It means that you have to present a well-arranged analysis. For the second type, you should persuade your readers with the help of strong arguments. The following two paragraphs will provide you with more detailed information about these two types of research papers. Analytical Research Papers In this type of research paper, you can present a specific analysis of a literary text investigate various healthcare studies to understand how a particular scholar came to his/her results. The purpose of this paper is to analyze a set of materials or experiments and then present your point of view on an issue. Therefore, you have to create a good analytical question to be able to explore it from different perspectives. Besides, you should describe an issue as well according to one of the following common analytic designs to develop new ideas: Question/Answer; Comparison/Contrast; Problem/Solution; Cause/Effect; Hypothesis/Proof; Change Over Time. Keep in mind that if your paper contains several paragraphs, you have to analyze only one important idea per paragraph. Therefore, your first sentence of each paragraph should be a summary statement, and the following ones have to support, expand, or clarify the first statement. Argumentative Research Papers Here, you have to select a debatable issue to be able to present diverse points of view on one. Consequently, you have to investigate different studies to find compelling arguments. Besides, you should choose a side and present points that both support and contradict it. In other words, you have to present each argument fairly and clearly to show the state of affairs objectively. As a result, if you address the opposition properly, you will successfully complete the following tasks: to present a well-rounded understanding of the chosen topic; to illustrate a lack of bias; to increase the level of trust; to strengthen the argument by diminishing the opposition’s arguments. To address the opposition properly, you need to put yourself on the contrary position. Therefore, you should develop several good reasons why you may support that particular side of the argument. You have to search for the necessary facts, quotes, and evidence to refute the points that the opposition may make. How to Choose the Topic that Is Appropriate Truly Interesting for You Usually, college professors provide students with a list of acceptable topics for a research paper. However, if you do not have such a list, choose the most suitable topic on your own. This part of a research paper becomes as important as the quality of it, and your mark depends on the chosen topic as well. If you select the topic that is too narrow, you will not be able to expand it further. Moreover, if you choose an absolute topic, you may not find any relevant sources. Therefore, you should search for the current issues and then choose one of them. At the same time, it is better to select the topic that you’re interested and have proficient knowledge in since it will be easier for you to create good content and complete the paper on time. Besides, while creating a title for your research paper, you have to remember that it should not exceed fifty-one characters or twelve words. Apart from that, you are not allowed to underline, italicize, or bold the title. Hence, you have to consider a lot of aspects to choose an appropriate topic and create a good title. Consequently, selecting a topic for the Nursing Research Paper is one of the most complicated parts of the entire writing process since there are plenty of topics that have been discussed. As a result, your topic should be: specific, but not too narrow; relevant; interesting for you; no longer than fifty-characters or twelve words; not underlined, bolded, or italicized. Therefore, the following list of topics is appropriate for your Nursing research paper: Nursing Science During the 20th Century; Should Nurses Complete Additional Training? Nurses’ Safety on the Working Place; Psychiatric Nursing: the Aspects of the Field; The Importance of Neonatal Care Nursing. How to Choose Appropriate Sources to Dig Facts from? Have you finally chosen the topic to research? Now you have to look for some reliable sources. Generally, there are three types of sources of information – primary, secondary, and tertiary. You need to be aware of the peculiarities of each to know what type is appropriate for your paper. For writing the research paper, you can use all types of sources. Primary sources present the original materials which are applied for writing research papers. This source type includes research materials published in academic journals, interviews, surveys, and court records. Secondary sources analyze or describe primary sources, i.e., different books and articles that review or interpret original fieldworks are known as secondary sources. Besides, encyclopedias, dictionaries, and textbooks can be called the secondary sources. Tertiary sources are utilized to organize or locate both primary and secondary sources. They are various databases and indexes. The following list of sources may be usef ul for writing the Nursing research paper: The National Library of Medicine (presents free and reliable information resources which nursing students can use); MedlinePlus (provides credible information about various disorders and links to the latest medical research); PubMeD (contains more than twenty-eight million citations from life science journals and different online books); Nursing Resources for Standards and Interoperability. You can use different reliable websites which end in .edu or .gov. These websites are credible because various educational institutions or governments maintain them. Thus, when you find all the necessary information, you will be able to start the prewriting process to collect the ideas for your assignment. Pre-Writing Activities to Get You Fired Up to Write Great Paper Before you proceed to nursing research paper writing itself, you have to get the main points and arguments together. To collect as many ideas as possible, you may apply the following pre-writing activities. The first activity is called â€Å"Brainstorming.† The central aim of it is to write as many ideas as possible in the form of a list. The next prewriting strategy is called â€Å"Freewriting.† It is similar to the previous one, but here you have to write full sentences. When you’re done with it, you will get the first draft of your paper. The third strategy is called â€Å"Mindmapping.† For this activity, you have to choose a few major ideas and put them in circles. Then, draw some lines that will symbolize the supporting ideas. The last prewriting strategy is outlining, and it requires you to outline the entire research paper. If you cannot create the outline without preparation, you can complete the previous activities and then proceed with outlining. The primary purpose of this strategy is to develop the brief plan of the research paper. To cope with it, you have to create a thesis statement and several arguments with supporting ideas. As a result, it can be noticed that with the help of the prewriting strategies mentioned above, the process of writing will be much easier since all the major points will be collected. Common Research Paper Formatting Styles Since the Nursing research paper should be written according to a specific format, let’s take a look at the basics of one. In case of the most popular APA format, you have to develop a particular structure of the paper with the title page, the abstract, the main body, and the reference page. Second of all, you have to remember that the APA referencing style requires you to create a specific referencing that will contain the author’s/authors’ last name and the year of publication. Besides, you may provide the page number if it is available. The citation should look like this â€Å"(Smith, 2018, p. 1).† What is more, the entire paper should be typed in twelve-point Times New Roman font. As you can see, many aspects need to be taken into consideration to receive a high mark. The Basic Structure The Nursing research paper has a particular structure that contains the Title Page, the Abstract, the Main Body, and the Reference Page. The following paragraphs will describe each aspect of the paper in detail. The Title Page This part of the research paper contains the title of the paper, the running head, the author’s name, and the institutional affiliation. The running head should be placed in the page header and present the title of the paper. In addition, the title should attract the readers’ attention and should not contain any abbreviations or words that have no purpose. The Abstract The Abstract has to be written on the separate page. Moreover, the word â€Å"Abstract† should be typed in the center of the page. This paragraph should contain the summary of the key points of your research paper since this part introduces the topic to the readers. For example, if you choose neonatal care nursing as your topic for the research paper, you may enumerate some significant aspects of this field. The Abstract shouldn’t be less than 250 words. Plus, you need to list the paper keywords after the summary. To do that, type the word â€Å"Keywords† in italics and then enumerate keywords. The summary should not be indented, while the line with keywords should. The Main Body The Main Body of the research paper consists of the Introduction, the Main Body paragraphs, and the Conclusion. In the Introduction, you need to provide background information, primary arguments, and the thesis statement. You are not allowed to include any in-text citations and quotations here. Furthermore, you have to present all the arguments that were mentioned in the Abstract, describing only one point per paragraph. Insert some citations here to support your arguments. You may use some charts to present figures. To make the paper smooth, utilize some linking words. Remember that the chosen linking words have to correspond to the context. Otherwise, your readers may be confused. In the concluding section, you have to restate your thesis statement and support it with arguments mentioned in the Main Body paragraphs. Just like in the case of the Introduction, you cannot use any citations here. Thus, if your research paper is well-structured, the readers will be able to understand yo ur ideas properly. The Reference Page The Reference page has to be placed on the separate page, right after the Main Body of the paper. In the center of the page, you need to write the word â€Å"References.† Then, you may enumerate all the sources that you have used. All entries should be provided in alphabetical order. Besides, each mentioned source has to be indented one-half inch. References â€Å"A Guide to Prewriting Techniques.† Berkeley Student Learning Center, 2018, slc.berkeley.edu/you-start-writing-paper-guide-prewriting-techniques-0. â€Å"Common Assignments: Writing in Nursing.† Walden University, 2018, academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/assignments/nursing. Hallas, Donna, and Harriet R. Feldman. A guide to scholarly writing in nursing. NSNA Imprint 53.4 (2006): 80-83. â€Å"Research Help: Types of Sources.† McQuade Library, 2018, libguides.merrimack.edu/research_help/Sources. â€Å"Types of Research Papers.† Excelsior College OWL, 2018, owl.excelsior.edu/research/research-process/research-process-types-of-research-papers/.

Managerial Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Managerial Economics - Assignment Example 4) the content of MBA programs available in colleges or universities in the Kansas City area (With my limited resources and time, are there MBA programs that can take me in?). Q2: I bought an iPod, a tube of toothpaste and a branded pair of shoes. Elasticity measures the change in demand with a change in price. I bought the iPod (as did four friends) because prices went down, so the demand for iPods is elastic. I bought toothpaste because I ran out of it, even if the price went up by a few cents, so demand is perfectly inelastic because I had no choice unless I wanted my social life to suffer. I bought the shoes because I liked the brand, so this purchase is relatively inelastic. I bought it as the price seemed just right. These reasons – price discount, need and brand desire – made demand elastic (iPod) or inelastic (toothpaste and shoes). Q3: Price discrimination is the practice of charging customers different prices for the same product because of factors like capacity to pay, geography or order size. Some universities practice price discrimination with financial aid, allowing them to charge rich kids higher fees and extending scholarships or tuition discounts to students from poorer families. If a theater showing Avatar charges less if they watch before 6:00 p.m., then it practices price discrimination to encourage more viewers on off-peak hours. Would I watch before 6:00 p.m.? It would depend on whether I am available, how much I can save, and what entertainment substitutes there are. The benefits of the lower price must be equal to or exceed the costs of my availing it. 1. List four factors that affect the demand for MBA degrees in the greater Kansas city area and How those factors affect the demand for MBA. Not that I am not asking about company hiring a person who has a MBA degree, I am asking about a person like you who is pursing a MBA degree. 2. List three things you purchased in past two weeks and tell whether your demand for goods or

BP Global Oil Spill in Gulf of Mexico & Its Affect on Local Businesses Research Paper

BP Global Oil Spill in Gulf of Mexico & Its Affect on Local Businesses - Research Paper Example Gulf of Mexico has been a home for as many as 36 Marine Protected Areas (MPA) accounting for 13 % of total MPAs throughout the nation in addition to the MPAs of the bordering States of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas waters totaling 75 not included in the national mainstream MPAs. Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Flower Garden Sanctuary have been threatened by the oil spill which could implicate British Petroleum under National Marine Sanctuaries Act. The coral reefs have also been damaged by the oil haze extending for about 22 miles from the Deepwater Horizon site. The Act makes it liable for damaging any living or nonliving resource of national marine sanctuary affecting its conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, educational, cultural, scientific or aesthetic value. The Act provides for imposition of civil penalties as high as $ 100,000 on any person and each day of violation constituting a separate violation. Apart from civil penalties, re sponse costs, damages due to destruction, loss or injury plus interest are leviable under the Act. There are also other Acts such as federal Endangered Species Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act which can make BP liable for deaths of dolphins and sea turtles as a result.1 Background The above said blowout occurred at the BP’s Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico resulting in the deaths of 11 workers who were on Transocean’s Deepwater Horizon Drilling rig. An estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil were spilled in the process. The wellhead was 1,500 m down below the sea water. The United States declared a moratorium on deepwater drilling until October 12, 2010. It is widely believed that the blowout could have been prevented but for the poor quality of equipment meant to prevent blowout.2 Known as the last-line of defense, the blind shear ram on the blowout preventer fixed on well head on the ocean floor would have crushed the drill pipe thus preventing a blowout. The blind s hear ram is believed to have failed for want of checks as simple as verifying whether the batteries had been sufficiently charged. BP’s investigation team is reported to have held that the well had been poorly designed. Offshore Pollution Liability Association (OPOL) where membership is voluntary provides for only a maximum liability of $ 250,000which is insufficient given the magnitude of loss resulting from the Gulf of Mexico incident. Although OPOL membership is a pre-condition for drilling license, there is no rationale for a voluntary membership. This is apt to weaken the legal control of the polluters who would claim that damages to biodiversity and ecosystem are indirect and therefore no compensation is payable.3 Marine oil spills are not unavoidable accidents. Adverse environmental conditions or any catastrophic events cannot be attributed to oil spills.4 The offshore drilling unit at the Deep Water Horizon was worth$365 million capable of operating in deep waters as low as 8000 feet and drill further down up to 30,000 feet. The drilling unit had been engaged in drilling an exploratory well 41 miles off the coast of Louisiana at the time of accident. The well from which oil spill started on April 20, 2010 was finally capped on July 15, 2010. The total damages to the company, environment and the coastal economy have been placed at $ 36.9 billion. Apart from human error and equipment failure, the U.S. Government’s failure to respond with damage control measure, media

Fire Accidents Due to Electrical Code Violations Essay

Fire Accidents Due to Electrical Code Violations - Essay Example The foremost activities of National Electricity Energy Board encompass electrical installations. It requires immense care procedures to be followed to prevent accidents caused by electricity. Although the electricity codes are followed but some violation of this, results in the fire accidents accounting for 3-4% of annual accidents. On analysis it was theoretically postulated that the causes of these accidents could be eliminated in 90% situations (Comini, R., Pontorieri, L., Fanello, G, 1989). Electrical appliances are designed to carry elated load. The current carrying capacity of every instrument or machine is limited and defined depending upon the size and material of which it is made and also on the type of insulation and manner of installation. If they are compelled to carry loads greater than their capacities they will overheat. The excess current will heat the electrical conductors and a point is reached where they will break causing fire hazard. It first causes the insulation to bur, exposing live parts (Martin and Walters). The fatalities in which electricity according to CFOI and SOII data, shows that 2,287 U.S. workers died and 32,807 workers persistently stayed away from work due to electrical shock or electrical burn injuries between 1992 and 1998 (Cawley, Homace, 2003). Major groups were sorted out to categorize electric fatalities: 1. Industries: OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) inspected at Progressive processing of Ohio Steel Firms and found OSHA violation. The fatality encompasses entangled employee's clothing in rotating part of the machine. There was not only willful violation of the machine guarding regulatory standards but also found that steel processing firm failed to protect the hearing loss (Smith, S, 2003). 2. Construction Industry: 44% of electrical fatalities occurred in the construction industry (Cawley, Homace, 2003). 3. Overhead power lines caused 41% of all electrical fatalities (Cawley, Homace, 2003). Case: A tree lopper received a fatal electric shock when carrying out vegetation control work from the bucket of an elevated work platform. His pole mounted chain saw contacted 22,000 volt power lines (Electricity related serious accidents and fatalities). 4. Electrical shock caused 99% of fatal and 62% of nonfatal electrical accidents (Cawley, Homace, 2003). Case: An electrical contractor was electrocuted when he mistakenly identified a power circuit cable and isolated the wrong circuit when checking live cable junctions in a roof space (Electricity related serious accidents and fatalities). Case: A person was electrocuted

Kantian Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Kantian Ethics - Essay Example From the principle of utility pain and pleasure are the only intrinsic values in the world. From this, the rule of utility is derived that the good is whatever brings the greatest happiness to the greater number of people. Most utilitarian theories deal with producing the greater amount of good for the greatest number. Negative utilitarianism requires individuals to promote the least amount of evil or harm, or to prevent the greatest amount of harm for the greatest number of the masses. Since utilitarians judge all actions by their ability to maximize good consequences, any harm to one individual can often be justified by a greater gain to other individuals. Values can be used under certain conditions since they can be used in times of evil or good. Goodwill is intrinsically good; its value is wholly self-contained and independent of its external relations. The value of goodwill does not depend upon the results. The moral value of the action can only reside in a formal principle 'maxim' the general commitment to act in this way because it is one's duty. The ultimate principle of morality is a moral law conceived so abstractly that it is capable of guiding a person to the right action to every set of circumstances1. Formula of autonomy where the concern of human dignity is combined with the principle of universiability to produce a conception of the moral law for the good of all2. Moral theory was founded on the assumption that it is the consequences of human actions that count in evaluating their merit that the kind of consequences that matter for human happiness is just the achievement of pleasure and avoidance of pain. The hedonistic value of any human action is calculated by how intense, how long the pleasure lasts, how certain and how quickly it follows the performance of the action being done and how likely it will give more benefits than harm. The extent of this pleasure brings out the happiness of the community as a whole because it is the sum of each person's interest as an individual. The universal agreement motivates people to do the right thing on the role of moral sanctions in eliciting proper conduct from human beings3. Human beings are also motivated by such internal sanctions such as self-esteem, guilt and conscience because we all have the social feelings on behalf of others, the selfish wish for the good of all may make us act morally. To avoid feeling bad and blaming oneself, people prefer to act morally to avoid the guilt within themselves if they act otherwise. People desire happiness hence when one person desire his/her happiness it implies that individual human beings desire the happiness of each other and everyone as a whole. Social applications of the principle of utility are fully consistent with concern for the promotion of justice, which involves respect for property, rights of individual citizens. Individual human beings are responsible for their thoughts, feelings, tastes and pursuits, while society is properly concerned only with social interest. To see that this is adhered to by everyone, the state has to monitor the individual interest so that they prevent individuals from doing harm to others by violating their rights. Utilitarianism therefore can only attain its goal of greater happiness by cultivating the nobleness of the individuals so that all benefit for the good of others. Once many people acquire the happiness they were pursuing or were entitled to, they develop inclinations. They do not mind if one

Wittig reaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Wittig reaction - Essay Example The latter chemical agent is commonly known as the witting reagent, it results into chemical agents known as alkene as well as triphenylphosphine oxide (Carrutthers, 1971). Discovered in 1954 by Georg Witting, it continues to be vastly used in the organic synthesis of alkene preparation. This procedure should not be misunderstood with, the Witting rearrangement chemical procedure which is based on a different theory. The witting reaction is normally applicable in the coupling of aldehydes and kentones, is the single substitution of phosphine ylides. The out coming data from the ylides test results is nearly exclusive with the z-alkene chemical agent product. As such for one to obtain the E-alkene chemical agent, there is need to apply ylides under stabilization which can also be substituted with unstablised ylides. This can be undertaken with the application of the Schlosser modification chemical tests, after which the Witting reaction chemical test can be performed (Vedejs et al, 20 00). The witting reaction has a variation known as the classical mechanism; this is the established theoratical procedure of the witting reaction chemical test. It involves the bulk steric of ylide, this interacts with sterochemicals to produce nucleophilic addittives. This gives rise to betaine, the carbon-carbon bond rotation produces betaine tht in turn produces oxaphosphetane. By eliminating the desireable z-alkene in addittion to triphenylphosphine oxide components, the simplified witting reagents are used in a sequenced procedure. The first sequence of this procedure begins with a combination of aldehyes and ketones, this is followed by the decomposition of betaine. This decomposition occurs to the fifth form, this stage is also known as the rate-determination level. However, with ylides under stablization the initial sequence is noticed to be the slowest. As such the general alkene formation rate is reduced with time, this results into a sizeable proportion of the akene produ ct in which case being the E-isomer. This creates an understanding of the reasons, behind the failure of the stablizing reagents in proper reaction with sterical hindered ketones (Vedejs et al. 2000). Witting reagents such as phosphorus ylides, are prepared in a formulated procedure. Phosphium salt is the known derivative of preparation; it is also a resulting chemical agent from the reaction of triphenylphosphine and alkyl halide. As such in order to create the witting reagent being ylide, phosphonium salt must undergo suspension in a solvent such like diethyl ether with treatment of strong base chemicals like phenyllithium which can also be substituted with butyllitium. This can be shown with the following chemical equation Ph3P+CH2R X? + C4H9Li > Ph3P=CH?R + LiX + C4H10, in this chemical procedure methylenetriphenylphosphorane is the simplified ylide in use (Vedejs and Marth, 1998). This yield is also a precursor to a more defined elaboration of the witting reagents, alkylation o ccurs as seen in this chemical equation Ph3P=CH2 by the main alkyl halide that creates a phosphonium salt substitution. The formulation of these salts, is deprotonated in the normal matter resulting into a chemical agent as identified by the following chemical equation Ph3P=CH?CH2R. The ylide which is the witting reagent is structured in such a way that is identified as phosphorane in written form. This is an established representation of the ylide form, being a vital contributor as carbon remains mildly nucleophilic. Its chemical structure is comprised of a ball-and-stick model arrangement, that is takes the physical form of a crystal structure. In terms of its reactivity, simplified phosphoranes are highly reactive and very unstable in

Cathys Clothing case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cathys Clothing case study - Essay Example onus provisions for the Coastal District stores, I will evaluate whether the stores have met their set targets in order to earn the stipulated bonuses (Armstrong, 2007). Evidently, New Haven and Boston have surpassed their benchmarks. For the month of May, New Haven Store has registered sales of $628,000 against the required $570,000 hence automatically qualified for the bonus. Concurrently, for Boston, the 12% of $549,500 (sales) is $ 65,940 (net income goal required for the month). Fortunately, the store the store registered a net income of $110,943. It surpassed the target thus qualified for the bonus. Another financial factor I would consider in evaluating the proposed bonus plans for Boston and New Haven incorporates the overall performance against expenditure. It is evident that the expenditure in advertising for Boston and New Haven stores are$5,300 and $53,000 respectively for the month of May. This contradicts the ultimate net income, which is $110,943 for Boston Stores and $70,992 for New Haven Store. I consider such differences and reward any store that spends strategically and sparingly on their daily business operations. Financially, this indicates some sense of responsibility and obedience for the business (Crosson & Needles, 2010). The managers in the performing stores should get some bonuses besides the stipulated ones. The aspects of cost and revenues are critical in the realms of bonus implementation. Strategic considerations will include customer care and prompt services. I will consider the stores in the realms of their customer attraction endeavors and how they uphold the brand name of Cathy’s Classic Clothes. This will be proportional to the value of sales registered per store. This will affect even the Portland Stores, which is not under the scheme. I consider such factors to be influential in decision-making, fair compensation, and motivation of all store managers (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2011). I expect the proposed bonus structures to

Kantian Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Kantian Ethics - Essay Example From the principle of utility pain and pleasure are the only intrinsic values in the world. From this, the rule of utility is derived that the good is whatever brings the greatest happiness to the greater number of people. Most utilitarian theories deal with producing the greater amount of good for the greatest number. Negative utilitarianism requires individuals to promote the least amount of evil or harm, or to prevent the greatest amount of harm for the greatest number of the masses. Since utilitarians judge all actions by their ability to maximize good consequences, any harm to one individual can often be justified by a greater gain to other individuals. Values can be used under certain conditions since they can be used in times of evil or good. Goodwill is intrinsically good; its value is wholly self-contained and independent of its external relations. The value of goodwill does not depend upon the results. The moral value of the action can only reside in a formal principle 'maxim' the general commitment to act in this way because it is one's duty. The ultimate principle of morality is a moral law conceived so abstractly that it is capable of guiding a person to the right action to every set of circumstances1. Formula of autonomy where the concern of human dignity is combined with the principle of universiability to produce a conception of the moral law for the good of all2. Moral theory was founded on the assumption that it is the consequences of human actions that count in evaluating their merit that the kind of consequences that matter for human happiness is just the achievement of pleasure and avoidance of pain. The hedonistic value of any human action is calculated by how intense, how long the pleasure lasts, how certain and how quickly it follows the performance of the action being done and how likely it will give more benefits than harm. The extent of this pleasure brings out the happiness of the community as a whole because it is the sum of each person's interest as an individual. The universal agreement motivates people to do the right thing on the role of moral sanctions in eliciting proper conduct from human beings3. Human beings are also motivated by such internal sanctions such as self-esteem, guilt and conscience because we all have the social feelings on behalf of others, the selfish wish for the good of all may make us act morally. To avoid feeling bad and blaming oneself, people prefer to act morally to avoid the guilt within themselves if they act otherwise. People desire happiness hence when one person desire his/her happiness it implies that individual human beings desire the happiness of each other and everyone as a whole. Social applications of the principle of utility are fully consistent with concern for the promotion of justice, which involves respect for property, rights of individual citizens. Individual human beings are responsible for their thoughts, feelings, tastes and pursuits, while society is properly concerned only with social interest. To see that this is adhered to by everyone, the state has to monitor the individual interest so that they prevent individuals from doing harm to others by violating their rights. Utilitarianism therefore can only attain its goal of greater happiness by cultivating the nobleness of the individuals so that all benefit for the good of others. Once many people acquire the happiness they were pursuing or were entitled to, they develop inclinations. They do not mind if one

Cathys Clothing case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cathys Clothing case study - Essay Example onus provisions for the Coastal District stores, I will evaluate whether the stores have met their set targets in order to earn the stipulated bonuses (Armstrong, 2007). Evidently, New Haven and Boston have surpassed their benchmarks. For the month of May, New Haven Store has registered sales of $628,000 against the required $570,000 hence automatically qualified for the bonus. Concurrently, for Boston, the 12% of $549,500 (sales) is $ 65,940 (net income goal required for the month). Fortunately, the store the store registered a net income of $110,943. It surpassed the target thus qualified for the bonus. Another financial factor I would consider in evaluating the proposed bonus plans for Boston and New Haven incorporates the overall performance against expenditure. It is evident that the expenditure in advertising for Boston and New Haven stores are$5,300 and $53,000 respectively for the month of May. This contradicts the ultimate net income, which is $110,943 for Boston Stores and $70,992 for New Haven Store. I consider such differences and reward any store that spends strategically and sparingly on their daily business operations. Financially, this indicates some sense of responsibility and obedience for the business (Crosson & Needles, 2010). The managers in the performing stores should get some bonuses besides the stipulated ones. The aspects of cost and revenues are critical in the realms of bonus implementation. Strategic considerations will include customer care and prompt services. I will consider the stores in the realms of their customer attraction endeavors and how they uphold the brand name of Cathy’s Classic Clothes. This will be proportional to the value of sales registered per store. This will affect even the Portland Stores, which is not under the scheme. I consider such factors to be influential in decision-making, fair compensation, and motivation of all store managers (Warren, Reeve & Duchac, 2011). I expect the proposed bonus structures to

Perfect competition and demand curve Essay Example for Free

Perfect competition and demand curve Essay COMPARE(SIMILAR) similarity. The cost functions are the same. [16] Both monopolies and perfectly competitive companies minimize cost and maximize profit. The shutdown decisions are the same. Both are assumed to have perfectly competitive factors markets. compare monopoly and perfect competition is the four characteristics of perfect competition: (1) large number of relatively small firms, (2) identical product, (3) freedom of entry and exit, and (4) perfect knowledge. * Number of Firms: Perfect competition is an industry comprised of a large number of small firms, each of which is a price taker with no market control. Monopoly is an industry comprised of a single firm, which is a price maker with total market control. Phil the zucchini grower is one of gadzillions of zucchini growers. Feet-First Pharmaceutical is the only firm that sells Amblathan-Plus, a drug that cures the deadly (but hypothetical) foot ailment known as amblathanitis. * Available Substitutes: Every firm in a perfectly competitive industry produces exactly the same product as every other firm. An infinite number of perfect substitutes are available. A monopoly firm produces a unique product that has no close substitutes and is unlike any other product. Gadzillions of firms grow zucchinis, each of which is a perfect substitute for the zucchinis grown by Phil the zucchini grower. There are no substitutes for Amblathan-Plus. Feet-First Pharmaceutical is the only supplier. * Resource Mobility: Perfectly competitive firms have complete freedom to enter the industry or exit the industry. There are no barriers. A monopoly firm often achieves monopoly status because the entry of potential competitors is prevented. Anyone can grow zucchinis. All they need is a plot of land and a few seeds. Feet-First Pharmaceutical holds the patents on Amblathan-Plus. No other firm can enter the market. * Information: Each firm in a perfectly competitive industry possesses the same information about prices and production techniques as every other firm. A monopoly firm, in contrast, often has information unknown to others. Everyone knows how to grow zucchinis (or can easily find out how). Feet-First Pharmaceutical has a secret formula used in the production of Amblathan-Plus. This information is not available to anyone else. The consequence of these differences include: * First, the demand curve for a perfectly competitive firm is perfectly elastic and the demand curve for a monopoly firm is THE market demand, which is negatively-sloped according to the law of demand. A perfectly competitive firm is thus a price taker and a monopoly is a price maker. Phil must sell his zucchinis at the going market price. It he does not like the price, then he does not sell zucchinis. Feet-First Pharmaceutical can adjust the price of Amblathan-Plus, either higher or lower, and so doing it can control the quantity sold. * Second, the monopoly firm charges a higher price and produces less output than would be achieved with a perfectly competitive market. In particular, the monopoly price is not equal to marginal cost, which means a monopoly does not efficiently allocate resources. Although Feet-First Pharmaceutical charges several dollars per ounce of Amblathan-Plus, the cost of producing each ounce is substantially less. Phil, in contrast, just about breaks even on each zucchini sold. * Third, while an economic profit is NOT guaranteed for any firm, a monopoly is more likely to receive economic profit than a perfectly competitive firm. In fact, a perfectly competitive firm IS guaranteed to earn nothing but a normal profit in the long run. The same cannot be said for monopoly. The price of zucchinis is so close to the cost of production, Phil never earns much profit. If the price is relatively high, other zucchini producers quickly flood the market, eliminating any profit. In contrast, Feet-First Pharmaceutical has been able to maintain a price above production cost for several years, with a handsome profit perpetually paid to the company shareholders year after year. * Fourth, the positively-sloped marginal cost curve for each perfectly competitive firm is its supply curve. This ensures that the supply curve for a perfectly competitive market is also positively sloped. The marginal cost curve for a monopoly is NOT, repeat NOT, the firms supply curve. There is NO positively-sloped supply curve for a market controlled by a monopoly. A monopoly might produce a larger quantity if the price is higher, in accordance with the law of supply, or it might not. If the price of zucchinis rises, then Phil can afford to grow more. If the price falls, then he is forced to grow less. Marginal cost dictates what Phil can produce and supply. Feet-First Pharmaceutical, in comparison, often sells a larger quantity of Amblathan-Plus as the price falls, because they face decreasing average cost with larger scale production. * The single seller, of course, is a direct contrast to perfect competition, which has a large number of sellers. In fact, perfect competition could be renamed multipoly or manypoly, to contrast it with monopoly. The most important aspect of being a single seller is that the monopoly seller IS the market. The market demand for a good IS the demand for the output produced by the monopoly. This makes monopoly a price maker, rather than a price taker. * A hypothetical example that can be used to illustrate the features of a monopoly is Feet-First Pharmaceutical. This firm owns the patent to Amblathan-Plus, the only cure for the deadly (but hypothetical) foot ailment known as amblathanitis. As the only producer of Amblathan-Plus, Feet-First Pharmaceutical is a monopoly with extensive market control. The market demand for Amblathan-Plus is THE demand for Amblathan-Plus sold by Feet-First Pharmaceutical. * Unique Product * To be the only seller of a product, however, a monopoly must have a unique product. Phil the zucchini grower is the only producer of Phils zucchinis. The problem for Phil, however, is that gadzillions of other firms sell zucchinis that are indistinguishable from those sold by Phil. * Amblathan-Plus, in contrast, is a unique product. There are no close substitutes. Feet-First Pharmaceutical holds the exclusive patent on Amblathan-Plus. No other firm has the legal authority to produced Amblathan-Plus. And even if they had the legal authority, the secret formula for producing Amblathan-Plus is sealed away in an airtight vault deep inside the fortified Feet-First Pharmaceutical headquarters. * Of course, other medications exist that might alleviate some of the symptoms of amblathanitis. One ointment temporarily reduces the swelling. Another powder relieves the redness. But nothing else exists to cure amblathanitis completely. A few highly imperfect substitutes exists. But there are no close substitutes for Amblathan-Plus. Feet-First Pharmaceutical has a monopoly because it is the ONLY seller of a UNIQUE product. * Barriers to Entry and Exit * A monopoly is generally assured of being the ONLY firm in a market because of assorted barriers to entry. Some of the key barriers to entry are: (1) government license or franchise, (2) resource ownership, (3) patents and copyrights, (4) high start-up cost, and (5) decreasing average total cost. * Feet-First Pharmaceutical has a few these barriers working in its favor. It has, for example, an exclusive patent on Amblathan-Plus. The government has decreed that Feet-First Pharmaceutical, and only Feet-First Pharmaceutical, has the legal authority to produce and sell Amblathan-Plus. * Moreover, the secret ingredient used to produce Amblathan-Plus is obtained from a rare, genetically enhanced, eucalyptus tree grown only on a Brazilian plantation owned by Feet-First Pharmaceutical. Even if another firm knew how to produce Amblathan and had the legal authority to do so, they would lack access to this essential ingredient. * A monopoly might also face barriers to exiting a market. If government deems that the product provided by the monopoly is essential for well-being of the public, then the monopoly might be prevented from leaving the market. Feet-First Pharmaceutical, for example, cannot simply cease the production of Amblathan-Plus. It is essential to the health and welfare of the public. * This barrier to exit is most often applied to public utilities, such as electricity companies, natural gas distribution companies, local telephone companies, and garbage collection companies. These are often deemed essential services that cannot be discontinued without permission from a government regulation authority. * Specialized Information * Monopoly is commonly characterized by control of information or production technology not available to others. This specialized information often comes in the form of legally-established patents, copyrights, or trademarks. While these create legal barriers to entry they also indicate that information is not perfectly shared by all. The ATT telephone monopoly of the late 1800s and early 1900s was largely due to the telephone patent. Pharmaceutical companies, like the hypothetical Feet-First Pharmaceutical, regularly monopolize the market for a specific drug by virtue of a patent. * In addition, a monopoly firm might know something or have a piece of information that is not available to others. This something may or may not be patented or copyrighted. It could be a secret recipe or formula. Perhaps it is a unique method of production. * One example of specialized information is the special, secret formula for producing Amblathan-Plus that is sealed away in an airtight vault deep inside the fortified Feet-First Pharmaceutical headquarters. No one else has this information. CONTRAST Arguably, perfect competition has the advantage of promoting consumer sovereignty, in the sense that the goods and services produced are those that consumers have voted for when spending the pounds in their pockets. When consumer sovereignty exists, the ‘consumer is king’. (However, the extent to which consumer choice exists in a perfectly competitive world would be extremely limited. All the firms in a particular market would sell identical goods at an identical price, namely the ruling market price. ) Firms and industries that produce goods other than those for which consumers are prepared to pay, do not survive in perfect competition. By contrast, a monopoly may enjoy producer sovereignty. The goods and services available for consumers to buy are determined by the monopolist rather than by consumer preferences expressed in the market place. Even if producer sovereignty is not exercised on a ‘take-it-or-leave-it basis’ by a monopoly, the monopolist may still possess sufficient market power to manipulate consumer wants through such marketing devices as persuasive advertising. In these situations, the ‘producer is king In contrast to perfect competition — and once again assuming an absence of economies of scale — monopoly equilibrium is both productively and allocatively inefficient. Figure 6. 6 shows that at the profit-maximising level of output Q1, the monopolist’s average costs are above the minimum level and that P MC. Thus, compared to perfect competition, a monopoly produces too low an output which it sells at too high a price. The absence of competitive pressures, which in perfect competition serve to eliminate supernormal profit, mean that a monopoly is also likely to be X-inefficient, incurring average costs at a point such as X which is above the average cost curve. A monopoly may be able to survive, perfectly happily and enjoying an ‘easy life’, incurring unnecessary production costs and making satisfactory rather than maximum profits. This is because barriers to entry protect monopolies. As a result, the absence or weakness of competitive forces means there is no mechanism in monopoly to eliminate organisational slack. 62 Marginal revenue and price In a perfectly competitive market price equals marginal revenue. In a monopolistic market marginal revenue is less than price. [17] * Product differentiation: There is zero product differentiation in a perfectly competitive market. Every product is perfectly homogeneous and a perfect substitute for any other. With a monopoly, there is great to absolute product differentiation in the sense that there is no available substitute for a monopolized good. The monopolist is the sole supplier of the good in question. [18] A customer either buys from the monopolizing entity on its terms or does without. * Number of competitors: PC markets are populated by an infinite number of buyers and sellers. Monopoly involves a single seller. [18] * Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry are factors and circumstances that prevent entry into market by would-be competitors and limit new companies from operating and expanding within the market. PC markets have free entry and exit. There are no barriers to entry, exit or competition. Monopolies have relatively high barriers to entry. The barriers must be strong enough to prevent or discourage any potential competitor from entering the market. * Elasticity of Demand The price elasticity of demand is the percentage change of demand caused by a one percent change of relative price. A successful monopoly would have a relatively inelastic demand curve. A low coefficient of elasticity is indicative of effective barriers to entry. A PC company has a perfectly elastic demand curve. The coefficient of elasticity for a perfectly competitive demand curve is infinite. * Excess Profits- Excess or positive profits are profit more than the normal expected return on investment. A PC company can make excess profits in the short term but excess profits attract competitors which can enter the market freely and decrease prices, eventually reducing excess profits to zero. [19] A monopoly can preserve excess profits because barriers to entry prevent competitors from entering the market. [20] * Profit Maximization A PC company maximizes profits by producing such that price equals marginal costs. A monopoly maximises profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. [21] The rules are not equivalent. The demand curve for a PC company is perfectly elastic flat. The demand curve is identical to the average revenue curve and the price line. Since the average revenue curve is constant the marginal revenue curve is also constant and equals the demand curve, Average revenue is the same as price (AR = TR/Q = P x Q/Q = P). Thus the price line is also identical to the demand curve. In sum, D = AR = MR = P. * P-Max quantity, price and profit If a monopolist obtains control of a formerly perfectly competitive industry, the monopolist would increase prices, reduce production, and realise positive economic profits. [22] * Supply Curve in a perfectly competitive market there is a well defined supply function with a one to one relationship between price and quantity supplied. [23] In a monopolistic market no such supply relationship exists. A monopolist cannot trace a short term supply curve because for a given price there is not a unique quantity supplied. As Pindyck and Rubenfeld note a change in demand can lead to changes in prices with no change in output, changes in output with no change in price or both. [24] Monopolies produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. For a specific demand curve the supply curve would be the price/quantity combination at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. If the demand curve shifted the marginal revenue curve would shift as well and a new equilibrium and supply point would be established. The locus of these points would not be a supply curve in any conventional sense. [25][26] The most significant distinction between a PC company and a monopoly is that the monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve rather than the perceived perfectly elastic curve of the PC company. [27] Practically all the variations above mentioned relate to this fact. If there is a downward-sloping demand curve then by necessity there is a distinct marginal revenue curve. The implications of this fact are best made manifest with a linear demand curve. Assume that the inverse demand curve is of the form x = a by. Then the total revenue curve is TR = ay by2 and the marginal revenue curve is thus MR = a 2by. From this several things are evident. First the marginal revenue curve has the same y intercept as the inverse demand curve. Second the slope of the marginal revenue curve is twice that of the inverse demand curve. Third the x intercept of the marginal revenue curve is half that of the inverse demand curve. What is not quite so evident is that the marginal revenue curve is below the inverse demand curve at all points. [27] Since all companies maximise profits by equating MR and MC it must be the case that at the profit maximizing quantity MR and MC are less than price which further implies that a monopoly produces less quantity at a higher price than if the market were perfectly competitive. The fact that a monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve means that the relationship between total revenue and output for a monopoly is much different than that of competitive companies. [28] Total revenue equals price times quantity. A competitive company has a perfectly elastic demand curve meaning that total revenue is proportional to output. [29] Thus the total revenue curve for a competitive company is a ray with a slope equal to the market price. [29] A competitive company can sell all the output it desires at the market price. For a monopoly to increase sales it must reduce price. Thus the total revenue curve for a monopoly is a parabola that begins at the origin and reaches a maximum value then continuously decreases until total revenue is again zero. [30] Total revenue has its maximum value when the slope of the total revenue function is zero. The slope of the total revenue function is marginal revenue. So the revenue maximizing quantity and price occur when MR = 0. For example assume that the monopoly’s demand function is P = 50 2Q. The total revenue function would be TR = 50Q 2Q2 and marginal revenue would be 50 4Q. Setting marginal revenue equal to zero we have 1. 50 4Q = 0 2. -4Q = -50 3. Q = 12. 5 So the revenue maximizing quantity for the monopoly is 12. 5 units and the revenue maximizing price is 25. A company with a monopoly does not experience price pressure from competitors, although it may experience pricing pressure from potential competition. If a company increases prices too much, then others may enter the market if they are able to provide the same good, or a substitute, at a lesser price. [31] The idea that monopolies in markets with easy entry need not be regulated against is known as the revolution in monopoly theory. [32] A monopolist can extract only one premium,[clarification needed] and getting into complementary markets does not pay. That is, the total profits a monopolist could earn if it sought to leverage its monopoly in one market by monopolizing a complementary market are equal to the extra profits it could earn anyway by charging more for the monopoly product itself. However, the one monopoly profit theorem is not true if customers in the monopoly good are stranded or poorly informed, or if the tied good has high fixed costs. A pure monopoly has the same economic rationality of perfectly competitive companies, i.e. to optimise a profit function given some constraints. By the assumptions of increasing marginal costs, exogenous inputs prices, and control concentrated on a single agent or entrepreneur, the optimal decision is to equate the marginal cost and marginal revenue of production. Nonetheless, a pure monopoly can -unlike a competitive company- alter the market price for its own convenience: a decrease of production results in a higher price. In the economics jargon, it is said that pure monopolies have a downward-sloping demand. An important consequence of such behaviour is worth noticing: typically a monopoly selects a higher price and lesser quantity of output than a price-taking company; again, less is available at a higher price. [33] Sources of monopoly power Monopolies derive their market power from barriers to entry – circumstances that prevent or greatly impede a potential competitors ability to compete in a market. There are three major types of barriers to entry; economic, legal and deliberate. [6] * Economic barriers: Economic barriers include economies of scale, capital requirements, cost advantages and technological superiority. [7] Economies of scale: Monopolies are characterised by decreasing costs for a relatively large range of production. [8] Decreasing costs coupled with large initial costs give monopolies an advantage over would-be competitors. Monopolies are often in a position to reduce prices below a new entrants operating costs and thereby prevent them from continuing to compete. [8] Furthermore, the size of the industry relative to the minimum efficient scale may limit the number of companies that can effectively compete within the industry. If for example the industry is large enough to support one company of minimum efficient scale then other companies entering the industry will operate at a size that is less than MES, meaning that these companies cannot produce at an average cost that is competitive with the dominant company. Finally, if long-term average cost is constantly decreasing, the least cost method to provide a good or service is by a single company. [9] Capital requirements: Production processes that require large investments of capital, or large research and development costs or substantial sunk costs limit the number of companies in an industry. [10] Large fixed costs also make it difficult for a small company to enter an industry and expand. [11] Technological superiority: A monopoly may be better able to acquire, integrate and use the best possible technology in producing its goods while entrants do not have the size or finances to use the best available technology. [8] One large company can sometimes produce goods cheaper than several small companies. [12] No substitute goods: A monopoly sells a good for which there is no close substitute. The absence of substitutes makes the demand for the good relatively inelastic enabling monopolies to extract positive profits. Control of natural resources: A prime source of monopoly power is the control of resources that are critical to the production of a final good. Network externalities: The use of a product by a person can affect the value of that product to other people. This is the network effect. There is a direct relationship between the proportion of people using a product and the demand for that product. In other words the more people who are using a product the greater the probability of any individual starting to use the product. This effect accounts for fads and fashion trends. [13] It also can play a crucial role in the development or acquisition of market power. The most famous current example is the market dominance of the Microsoft operating system in personal computers. * Legal barriers: Legal rights can provide opportunity to monopolise the market of a good. Intellectual property rights, including patents and copyrights, give a monopolist exclusive control of the production and selling of certain goods. Property rights may give a company exclusive control of the materials necessary to produce a good. * Deliberate actions: A company wanting to monopolise a market may engage in various types of deliberate action to exclude competitors or eliminate competition. Such actions include collusion, lobbying governmental authorities, and force (see anti-competitive practices). In addition to barriers to entry and competition, barriers to exit may be a source of market power. Barriers to exit are market conditions that make it difficult or expensive for a company to end its involvement with a market. Great liquidation costs are a primary barrier for exiting. [14] Market exit and shutdown are separate events. The decision whether to shut down or operate is not affected by exit barriers. A company will shut down if price falls below minimum average variable costs. Monopoly versus competitive markets While monopoly and perfect competition mark the extremes of market structures[15] there is some similarity. The cost functions are the same. [16] Both monopolies and perfectly competitive companies minimize cost and maximize profit. The shutdown decisions are the same. Both are assumed to have perfectly competitive factors markets. There are distinctions, some of the more important of which are as follows: * Marginal revenue and price In a perfectly competitive market price equals marginal revenue. In a monopolistic market marginal revenue is less than price. [17] * Product differentiation: There is zero product differentiation in a perfectly competitive market. Every product is perfectly homogeneous and a perfect substitute for any other. With a monopoly, there is great to absolute product differentiation in the sense that there is no available substitute for a monopolized good. The monopolist is the sole supplier of the good in question. [18] A customer either buys from the monopolizing entity on its terms or does without. * Number of competitors: PC markets are populated by an infinite number of buyers and sellers. Monopoly involves a single seller. [18] * Barriers to Entry Barriers to entry are factors and circumstances that prevent entry into market by would-be competitors and limit new companies from operating and expanding within the market. PC markets have free entry and exit. There are no barriers to entry, exit or competition. Monopolies have relatively high barriers to entry. The barriers must be strong enough to prevent or discourage any potential competitor from entering the market. * Elasticity of Demand The price elasticity of demand is the percentage change of demand caused by a one percent change of relative price. A successful monopoly would have a relatively inelastic demand curve. A low coefficient of elasticity is indicative of effective barriers to entry. A PC company has a perfectly elastic demand curve. The coefficient of elasticity for a perfectly competitive demand curve is infinite. * Excess Profits- Excess or positive profits are profit more than the normal expected return on investment. A PC company can make excess profits in the short term but excess profits attract competitors which can enter the market freely and decrease prices, eventually reducing excess profits to zero. [19] A monopoly can preserve excess profits because barriers to entry prevent competitors from entering the market. [20] * Profit Maximization A PC company maximizes profits by producing such that price equals marginal costs. A monopoly maximises profits by producing where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. [21] The rules are not equivalent. The demand curve for a PC company is perfectly elastic flat. The demand curve is identical to the average revenue curve and the price line. Since the average revenue curve is constant the marginal revenue curve is also constant and equals the demand curve, Average revenue is the same as price (AR = TR/Q = P x Q/Q = P). Thus the price line is also identical to the demand curve. In sum, D = AR = MR = P. * P-Max quantity, price and profit If a monopolist obtains control of a formerly perfectly competitive industry, the monopolist would increase prices, reduce production, and realise positive economic profits. [22] * Supply Curve in a perfectly competitive market there is a well defined supply function with a one to one relationship between price and quantity supplied. [23] In a monopolistic market no such supply relationship exists. A monopolist cannot trace a short term supply curve because for a given price there is not a unique quantity supplied. As Pindyck and Rubenfeld note a change in demand can lead to changes in prices with no change in output, changes in output with no change in price or both. [24] Monopolies produce where marginal revenue equals marginal costs. For a specific demand curve the supply curve would be the price/quantity combination at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. If the demand curve shifted the marginal revenue curve would shift as well and a new equilibrium and supply point would be established. The locus of these points would not be a supply curve in any conventional sense. [25][26] The most significant distinction between a PC company and a monopoly is that the monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve rather than the perceived perfectly elastic curve of the PC company. [27] Practically all the variations above mentioned relate to this fact. If there is a downward-sloping demand curve then by necessity there is a distinct marginal revenue curve. The implications of this fact are best made manifest with a linear demand curve. Assume that the inverse demand curve is of the form x = a by. Then the total revenue curve is TR = ay by2 and the marginal revenue curve is thus MR = a 2by. From this several things are evident. First the marginal revenue curve has the same y intercept as the inverse demand curve. Second the slope of the marginal revenue curve is twice that of the inverse demand curve. Third the x intercept of the marginal revenue curve is half that of the inverse demand curve. What is not quite so evident is that the marginal revenue curve is below the inverse demand curve at all points. [27] Since all companies maximise profits by equating MR and MC it must be the case that at the profit maximizing quantity MR and MC are less than price which further implies that a monopoly produces less quantity at a higher price than if the market were perfectly competitive. The fact that a monopoly has a downward-sloping demand curve means that the relationship between total revenue and output for a monopoly is much different than that of competitive companies. [28] Total revenue equals price times quantity. A competitive company has a perfectly elastic demand curve meaning that total revenue is proportional to output. [29] Thus the total revenue curve for a competitive company is a ray with a slope equal to the market price. [29] A competitive company can sell all the output it desires at the market price. For a monopoly to increase sales it must reduce price. Thus the total revenue curve for a monopoly is a parabola that begins at the origin and reaches a maximum value then continuously decreases until total revenue is again zero. [30] Total revenue has its maximum value when the slope of the total revenue function is zero. The slope of the total revenue function is marginal revenue. So the revenue maximizing quantity and price occur when MR = 0. For example assume that the monopoly’s demand function is P = 50 2Q. The total revenue function would be TR = 50Q 2Q2 and marginal revenue would be 50 4Q. Setting marginal revenue equal to zero we have 1. 50 4Q = 0 2. -4Q = -50 3. Q = 12. 5 So the revenue maximizing quantity for the monopoly is 12. 5 units and the revenue maximizing price is 25. A company with a monopoly does not experience price pressure from competitors, although it may experience pricing pressure from potential competition. If a company increases prices too much, then others may enter the market if they are able to provide the same good, or a substitute, at a lesser price. [31] The idea that monopolies in markets with easy entry need not be regulated against is known as the revolution in monopoly theory. [32] A monopolist can extract only one premium,[clarification needed] and getting into complementary markets does not pay. That is, the total profits a monopolist could earn if it sought to leverage its monopoly in one market by monopolizing a complementary market are equal to the extra profits it could earn anyway by charging more for the monopoly product itself. However, the one monopoly profit theorem is not true if customers in the monopoly good are stranded or poorly informed, or if the tied good has high fixed costs. A pure monopoly has the same economic rationality of perfectly competitive companies, i. e. to optimise a profit function given some constraints. By the assumptions of increasing marginal costs, exogenous inputs prices, and control concentrated on a single agent or entrepreneur, the optimal decision is to equate the marginal cost and marginal revenue of production.